For a list of available actions, see ActionSequence: Link multiple actions. First, locate the page element , then call an interaction function:. To click on a link or other page element, locate the element and call the click function:. For an example of clicking a located element, see Navigate to a link.
You can control the mouse in other ways with the doubleClick , dragAndDrop , mouseDown , mouseUp , and mouseMove functions. Some fields may have default text in them.
Clear these fields before sending text to them:. For an example of entering text in a field, see Search a website. Large page elements, such as images or complex dynamic content, can take a long time to load. This can cause your script to fail when the monitor attempts to interact with or locate an element that hasn't been loaded yet. To avoid these issues, set wait conditions that will pause the script until the specified page element is present, or sequence actions manually.
For a list of conditions, see Conditions: Pause and wait for conditions. Instruct the monitor to wait for the page title to match a certain value. This ensures that the browser has at least received some data from the target page.
To wait for page title, specify an expected title and a timeout value in milliseconds:. For an example of waiting for page title, see Wait for a page to load. Instruct the monitor to wait for a page element to be present. This is useful when an element your script depends on takes a long time to load, or simply to ensure that a page element is present before your script clicks on it.
Use any of the locate functions with the wait function below. For an example of waiting for a specific page element to load, see Wait for a page element.
It will still find elements with 0 opacity. You can also manually log monitor results to the script log. Use logging to troubleshoot a script: to discover which step of your script is failing, include a log function along with each key step in your script. The display driver links against WIN32K.
These APIs are actually found in the kernel and in user mode. Prior to NT4 the display drivers were in user mode. In any case the same API set used by display drivers is also used by printer drivers.
Conforming to this API set also allows the display driver to be movable to user or kernel with minimal work. The display driver however is not loaded into system memory but instead session space.
Session space is the kernel equivalent of process isolation. In user mode processes have their own virtual memory address space and in the kernel sessions have their own virtual memory address space.
System space is the kernel memory which is global to all sessions. A session is an instance of a logged on user which contains its own Window Manager, Desktop s , shell and applications. Each user is actually in a unique session with a unique range of kernel memory known as session space.
This can be a problem when designing a video driver. It means you cannot simply pass random memory down to your miniport if your miniport may process that memory outside the context of the current session. This is for example passing this memory to be processed in another thread which could reside in the system process for example.
If the system process is not associated with your session then you will be accessing a different memory range than you think. When this occurs you get the "A driver has not been correctly ported to Terminal Services" blue screen. The display driver is not anything like the drivers we have worked with so far. It is still in PE format but it is not like the miniport which is a normal kernel driver linking against a different frame work. This driver cannot use kernel APIs by linking directly to them and should not use them for the exact reason specified above.
If the API passes the memory outside of session space then you have a blue screen unless you ensure you only pass system memory. In any case the display driver behaves more like a DLL than normal drivers do and it is essentially treated as one. This driver's framework is tied to WIN32K.
This is the initial entry point for a display driver and it is not related to DriverEntry in any way. The table contains a list which is an index value followed by the function pointer. Some APIs are optional and some are required. This entry point is simply responsible for returning the list of your functions. You may also do any initialization you may need to do here. The following is the code from the sample display driver in this article:.
This function handler is called when the display driver is being unloaded. In this handler you can perform any clean up necessary for what you have created in the DrvEnableDriver call. The following code is from the sample driver:. This API is used to query the modes supported by the device. These modes are used to populate the "Settings" tab in the "Display Properties" dialog. The modes can be cached so the operating system does not think of them as being dynamic and changing.
The operating system believes this to be a static list and while there are times and ways that this API may be called more than once for the most part it should not be considered dynamic. The API is generally called twice the first time it simply asks for the size required to store the modes and the second time it calls with the correct size.
The following code fragment is from the sample driver which only supports xx Once a mode is chosen this API is then called which will allow the driver to enable the "physical device". The purpose of this API is to allow the display driver to create its own private context which will be passed into the other display entry points. The reason for this private context is that a single display driver may handle multiple display devices and as such would need to distinguish one display device from another.
The return value for this API is a pointer to the context or instance of the supplied display device. These parameters are important as if you fill in supporting a certain feature and you really do not you can have graphic corruption as a side effect or even blue screen. The next two parameters that I will mention are the hDev and hDriver parameters.
The hDev is the handle to GDI however since the device is in the process of being created it is actually useless. This call is made after the enable to notify the display driver that the device object is now completed. The only parameters are the private data structure created in the enable call and the completed handle to the GDI device. Unless you have more initialization to do you generally can just save the GDI handle and move on.
The following is the code from the sample driver:. This is called after DrvDisableSurface if there is a surface enabled. Our implementation of this API is very simple and will just perform some clean up of what was created during the creation of the private PDEV structure:.
Also as noted in the comments below you have two choices when creating a surface. You can create a surface in which the display driver will manage it or you can create one in which GDI will manage for you. The following code chose the option of managing its own device surface.
Figure E Your custom driver should appear on the list of drivers to choose from. Editor's Picks. The best programming languages to learn in Check for Log4j vulnerabilities with this simple-to-use script. TasksBoard is the kanban interface for Google Tasks you've been waiting for. Paging Zefram Cochrane: Humans have figured out how to make a warp bubble.
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