Create an Ionic app using one of the pre-made app templates, or a blank one to start fresh. The three most common starters are the blank starter, tabs starter, and sidemenu starter. Get started with the ionic start command:. To learn more about starting Ionic apps, see the Starting Guide. The majority of Ionic app development can be spent right in the browser using the ionic serve command:. There are a number of other ways to run an app, it's recommended to start with this workflow.
Headwater elevation b. Type of turbine to be used c. Synchronous speed of generator if number of poles is 6, and frequency is 60 hertz. A proposed hydro electric power plant has the following data: Elevation of normal headwater surface - m Elevation of normal tailwater surface - 60 m Loss of head due to friction - 6. What type of hydraulic turbine would you specify? Francis b. Find the Brake Power of the turbine in KW It is proposed to install two turbines one of which is twice the capacity of the other.
Head in meters At a proposed hydro-electric power plant site, the average elevation of the headwater is m, the tailwater elevation is m. Average annual water flow is determined to be equal to that volume flowing through a rectangular channel 4 m wide and0. The discharge pressure gauge is 10 m above the pump centerline and the point of attachment of the suction gauge is 3 m below the centerline. The diameters of the suction and discharge pipes are 76 mm and Assuming a head loss of 6 m, and a pump-motor efficiency of 75, Calculate the power required if the flow is It is used chiefly for heavy-duty work.
Diesel engines drive huge freight trucks, large buses, tractors, and heavy road-building equipment. They are also used to power submarines and ships, and the generators of electric-power stations in small cities. Some motor cars are powered by diesel engines. Gasoline engine - is a type of internal combustion engine, which uses high grade of oil.
It uses electricity and spark plugs to ignite the fuel in the engine's cylinders. Kinds of diesel engines. There are two main types of diesel engines. They differ according to the number of piston strokes required to complete a cycle of air compression, exhaust, and intake of fresh air.
A stroke is an up or down movement of a piston. These engines are 1 the four-stroke cycle engine and 2 the two-stroke cycle engine.
Four Stroke Cycle Engine 1. Intake 2. Compression Intake Compression Power Exhaust 3. Power 4. Exhaust In a four-stroke engine, each piston moves down, up, down, and up to complete a cycle.
The first down stroke draws air into the cylinder. The first upstroke compresses the air. The second down stroke is the power stroke. The second upstroke exhausts the gases produced by combustion. A four-stroke engine requires exhaust and air-intake valves. It completes one cycle in two revolutions of the crankshaft. Intake-Compression stroke 2. Power-exhaust stroke Intake port Exhaust port In a two-stroke engine, the exhaust and intake of fresh air occur through openings in the cylinder near the end of the down stroke, or power stroke.
The one upstroke is the compression stroke. A two-stroke engine does not need valves. These engines have twice as many power strokes per cycle as four-stroke engines, and are used where high power is needed in a small engine.
It completes one cycle in one revolution of the crankshaft. Four stroke cycle engine: An engine that completes one cycle in two revolution of the crankshaft. Correction Factor for Nonstandard condition a.
Compression 3. Two Stroke Cycle Engine 1. Power-exhaust stroke In a two-stroke engine, the exhaust and intake of fresh air occur through openings in the cylinder near the end of the down stroke, or power stroke. Governor - is a device used to govern or control the speed of an engine under varying load conditions. Purifier - a device used to purify fuel oil and lube oil.
Generator - a device used to convert mechanical energy. Crank scavenging - is one that the crankcase is used as compressor. Thermocouple - is made of rods of different metal that are welded together at one end. Centrifuge - is the purification of oil for separation of water. Unloader - is a device for automatically keeping pressure constant by controlling the suction valve.
Planimeter - is a measuring device that traces the area of actual P-V diagram. Tachometer - measures the speed of the engine. Engine indicator - traces the actual P-V diagram. Dynamometer - measures the torque of the engine. Supercharging - admittance into the cylinder of an air charge with density higher than that of the surrounding air.
Bridge Gauge - is an instrument used to find the radial position of crankshaft motor shaft. Piston - is made of cast iron or aluminum alloy having a cylinder form. Atomizer - is used to atomize the fuel into tiny spray which completely fill the furnace in the form of hollow cone.
Scavenging - is the process of cleaning the engine cylinder of exhaust gases by forcing through it a pressure of m fresh air. Flare back - is due the explosion of a maximum fuel oil vapor and air in the furnace. Single acting engine - is one in which work is done on one side of the piston. Double acting engine - is an engine in which work is done on both sides of the piston. Triple-expansion engine - is a three-cylinder engine in which there are three stages of expansion.
The working pressure in power cylinder is from 50 psi to psi. Air pressure used in air injection fuel system is from psi to psi. Effect of over lubricating a diesel engine is: Carbonization of oil on valve seats and possible explosive mixture is produced. The average compression ratio of diesel engine is from to Three types of piston: 1. Gasoline engine 2. Diesel engine 3. Kerosene engine 4. Gas engine 5. Oil-diesel engine Methods of ignition: 1. Spark 2. Heat of compression Reasons for supercharging: 1.
Fuel system a. Cooling system a. Lubricating system: a. Intake and exhaust system a. Starting system a. Maintain proper alignment with the machinery and Absorb the vibration produced by unbalanced forces created by reciprocating revolving masses. Depth: The foundation depth maybe taken as a good practical rule, to be 3.
Weight: The minimum weight required to absorb vibration could be expressed as a function of the reciprocating masses and the speed of the engine. However, for practical purposes it is simpler to use the empirical formula.
Anchor Bolts: To prevent pulling out of the bolts when the nuts are tightened, the length embedded in concrete should be equal to at least thirty 30 times the bolt diameter. The upper ends are surrounded by a 50 mm or 75 mm sheet metal pipe, mm to mm long to permit them to be bent slightly to fit the holes of the bedplate.
All heavy machinery shall be supported on solid foundation of sufficient mass and base area to prevent or minimize the transmission of objectionable vibration to the building and occupied space and to maintain the supported machine at its proper elevation and alignment. Foundation mass should be from 3 to 5 times the weight of the machinery it is supposed to support.
If the unbalanced inertial forces produced by the machine can be calculated, a mass of weight equal to 10 to 20 times the forces should be used to dampen vibration. Foundation should be isolated from floor slabs and building footings by at least 25 mm around its perimeter to eliminate transmission of vibration.
Fill opening with water tight-mastic. When installing machinery above grade level of a building, additional stiffness must be provided on its structural members of the building to dampen machine vibration. Foundations are preferably built of concrete in the proportions of one 1 measure of Portland Cement to two 2 measures of sand and four 4 measures of screened crushed stones.
The machine should not be placed on thefoundation until ten 10 days have elapsed or operated until another ten 10 days have passed. Concrete foundation should have steel bar reinforcements placed both vertically and horizontally, to avoid thermal cracking. Foundation bolts of specified size should be used and surrounded by a pipe sleeve with an inside diameter of at least three 3 times the diameter of the anchor bolt and a length of at least eighteen 18 times the diameter of the bolt.
No foundation bolts shall be less than 12 mm diameter. Grout all spaces under the machine bed with a thin mixture of one 1 part cement and one part sand. The level wedges should be removed after grout has thoroughly set and fill wedges holes with grout.
The fuel rate is 0. Fuel rate is 0. The full load brake specific fuel consumption is 0. Determine the most economical size and dimensions of a day tank you would install to contain enough fuel for the three units to operate for 24 hours. Engine specifications: 23 cm x 36 cm. The prony brake used to determine the brake power has 1 m arm and registers on the scale kg gross.
If the tare mass is 12 kg, calculate the brake thermal efficiency based on the lower heating value of fuel. A 2 - stroke, 4 - cylinders, 38 cm x 53 cm diesel engine is guaranteed to deliver KW at rpm. A diesel power plant is to have 3- supercharged, 7 cylinders, KW, RPM, 4- stroke cycle diesel engine. It is claimed that 1 KW is developed for each KJ supplied per hour based on a lower heating value, by a supercharged Dorman diesel engine when operated at a brake mean effective pressure of KPa.
A 4 cylinders, 4 stroke cycle diesel engine, The fuel rate at rated load is 0. A torque of 28 kg-m is developed by a diesel engine when running at RPM and using 10 kg of fuel per hour. The engine is 4-stroke cycle and has 4 cylinders and the bore is equal the stroke. Calculate the brake thermal efficiency and the bore in cm. Performance values of a KW Diesel power plant unit are as follows: Fuel rate: 1.
A twin tandem, 4-stroke cycle, double acting Blast furnace gas engine is to developed KW of brake power at 90 RPM. When the pressure is A 40 KW blast furnace engine shows by test a gas consumption of 4. Specific gravity of lubricating oil was 0.
The following data were obtained during a full load test on a 2 cylinder, single acting, 4 stroke cycle diesel engine, mm bore by mm stroke; average RPM, ; length of prony brake arm, 92 cm; net weight on scales due to torque , kg; total; fuel used in 15 min. If cooling water leaving the engine is 66C and used as feed water to boiler, determine the quantity of A spark ignition engine produces KW while using 0. The friction power is found to be Determine the indicated engine efficiency.
A six cylinder automotive engine with a 9 cm x 9 cm has a fuel consumption of 0. The brake power developed is 86 KW and the indicated power is KW. Compute the brake and indicated engine efficiency. A 6 cylinder, 4 stroke cycle, single acting, spark ignition engine with a compression ratio of 9. A 6 cylinder, mm x mm, single acting, 2 stroke cycle diesel engine develops Determine a the brake thermal efficiency b the mechanical efficiency c the indicated power d the brake engine efficiency Find: a the mass of fuel used per cycle 0.
Yuri G. Melliza Pump is a device that moves or compresses liquids and gases. Pumps are used in a variety of machines and other devices, including home heating systems, refrigerators, oil wells and water wells, and turbojet and car engines.
The fluids gases or liquids moved by pumps range from air for inflating bicycle tires to liquid sodium and liquid potassium for cooling nuclear reactors.
Most pumps are made of steel, but some are made of glass or plastic. Gas pumps are also called compressors, fans, or blowers. Types of Pumps Dynamic Pump: Dynamic pumps maintain a steady flow of fluid. Positive Displacement Pump: Positive displacement pumps, on the other hand, trap individual portions of fluid that are in an enclosed area before moving them along.
Dynamic pumps Centrifugal pumps consist of a motor-driven propeller like device, called an impeller, which is contained within a circular housing. The impeller is a wheel of curved blades that rotates on an axis. Before most centrifugal pumps can start pumping liquid, they must be primed filled with liquid. As the impeller rotates, it creates suction that draws a continuous flow of fluid through an inlet pipe. Fluid enters the pump at the center of the impeller and travels out along the blades due to centrifugal outward force.
The curved ends of the blades sweep the fluid to an outlet port. Centrifugal pumps are inexpensive and can handle large amounts of fluid.
They are widely used in chemical processing plants and oil refineries. Axial-flow pumps have a motor-driven rotor that directs fluid along a path parallel to its axis. The fluid thus travels in a relatively straight path from the inlet pipe through the pump to the outlet pipe. Axial-flow pumps are most often used as compressors in turbojet engines.
Centrifugal pumps are also used for this purpose, but axial-flow pumps are more efficient. The blades and rotors produce a pressure rise in the air as it moves through the axial-flow compressor. Air then leaves the compressor under high pressure. Jet pumps get their name from the way they move fluid.
They operate on the principle that a high-velocity fluid will carry along any other fluid it passes through. Most jet pumps send a jet of steam or water through the fluid that needs to be moved. The jet carries the fluid with it directly into the outlet pipe and, at the same time, creates a vacuum that draws more fluid into the pump.
The amount of fluid carried out of most jet pumps is several times the amount in the jet itself. Jet pumps can be used to raise water from wells deeper than 60 meters. In such cases, a centrifugal pump at ground level supplies water for a jet at the bottom of the well. The jet carries well water with it back up to ground level. Jet pumps are also used in high vacuum diffusion pumps to create a vacuum in an enclosed area.
In high vacuum diffusion pumps, a high-velocity jet of mercury or oil vapor is sent into the enclosed area. The vapor molecules collide with the molecules of air and force them out the outlet port. Electromagnetic pumps are used chiefly to move liquid sodium and liquid potassium, which serve as coolants in nuclear reactors.
These pumps consist of electrical conductors and magnetized pipes. The conductors send current through the fluid, which thereby becomes an electromagnet. The fluid is then moved by the magnetic attraction and repulsion pushing away between the fluid's magnetic field and that of the pipes.
The fluid is therefore moved in an electromagnetic pump in much the same way as an armature is moved in an electric motor. Positive displacement pumps Rotary pumps are the most widely used positive displacement pumps. They are often used to pump such viscous sticky liquids as motor oil, syrup, and paint. There are three main types of rotary pumps. These types are: 1 gear pumps, 2 lobe pumps, and 3 sliding vane pumps.
Gear pumps consist of two gears that rotate against the walls of a circular housing. The inlet and outlet ports are at opposite sides of the housing, on line with the point where the teeth of the gears are fitted together. Fluid that enters the pump is trapped by the rotating gear teeth, which sweep the fluid along the pump wall to the outlet port. Lobe pumps operate in a manner similar to gear pumps. However, instead of gears, lobe pumps are equipped with impellers that have lobes rounded projections fitted together.
Lobe pumps can discharge large amounts of fluid at low pressure. Sliding vane pumps consist of a slotted impeller mounted off-center in a circular housing. Sliding vanes blades move in and out of the slots. As the vanes rotate by the inlet port, they sweep up fluid and trap it against the pump wall. The distance between the impeller and the pump wall narrows near the outlet port. As the fluid is carried around to this port, the vanes are pushed in and the fluid is compressed.
The pressurized fluid then rushes out the outlet port. Reciprocating pumps consist of a piston that moves back and forth within a cylinder. One end of the cylinder has an opening through which the connecting rod of the piston passes.
The other end of the cylinder, called the closed end, has an inlet valve or an outlet valve, or both, depending on the type of pump. In some reciprocating pumps, the inlet valve or the outlet valve is on the piston. Common reciprocating pumps include lift pumps, force pumps, and bicycle tire pumps. Lift pumps draw water from wells. In a lift pump, the inlet valve is at the closed end of the cylinder and the outlet valve is on the piston. As the piston is raised, water is drawn up through the inlet valve.
As the piston moves down, the inlet valve closes, forcing water through the outlet valve and up above the piston. As the piston is raised again, the outlet valve closes and the water is lifted to an opening, where it leaves the pump.
At the same time, more water is drawn through the inlet valve. It is theoretically possible for a lift pump to raise water in a well almost 10 meters. However, because of leakage and resistance, a lift pump cannot raise water that is deeper than about 7. Force pumps are similar to lift pumps. However, in force pumps, both the inlet valve and the outlet valve are at the closed end of the cylinder. As the piston moves away from the closed end, fluid enters the cylinder.
When the piston moves toward the closed end, the fluid is forced out the outlet valve. Bicycle tire pumps differ in the number and location of the valves they have and in the way air enters the cylinder. Some simple bicycle tire pumps have the inlet valve on the piston and the outlet valve at the closed end of the cylinder. Air enters the pump near the point where the connecting rod passes through the cylinder.
As the rod is pulled out, air passes through the piston and fills the areas between the piston and the outlet valve. As the rod is pushed in, the inlet valve closes and the piston forces air through the outlet valve.
History Pumping devices have been an important means of moving fluids for thousands of years. The ancient Egyptians used water wheels with buckets mounted on them to move water for irrigation.
The buckets scooped water from wells and streams and deposited it in ditches that carried it to fields. In the 's B. About the same time, Archimedes, a Greek mathematician, invented a screw pump that was made up of a screw rotating in a cylinder. This type of pump was used to drain and to irrigate the Nile Valley. True centrifugal pumps were not developed until the late 's, when Denis Papin, a French-born inventor, made one with straight vanes. The British inventor John Appold introduced a curved-vane centrifugal pump in Axial-flow compressors were first used on turbojet engines in the 's.
It operates at high discharge pressure, low head, high speed and they are not self priming. Centrifugal b. Mixed Flow 1. Propeller or axial flow 4. Peripheral Rotary: It is a positive displacement pump consisting of a fixed casing containing gears, cams, screws, vanes, plungers or similar element actuated by the rotation of the drive shaft.
A rotary pump traps a quantity of liquid and moves it along toward the discharge point. For a gear type rotary pump the unmeshed gears at the pump provides a space for the liquid to fill as the gears rotate. The liquid trapped between the teeth and the pump casing is eventually released at the discharge line. It operates at low heads, low discharge and is used for pumping viscous liquids like oil.
Piston b. Direct Acting 1. Crank and Flywheel d. Plunger e. Power Driven 1. The pump is lowered into the well and operated close to water level. They are usually motor driven with the motor being at the ground level and connected to the pump by a long vertical line shaft. Turbine b. Ejector or centrifugal c. Airlift For a final choice of a pump for a particular operation the following data is needed.
The discharge gauge is 61 cm above the pump centerline and the point of attachment of the suction gauge is 25 cm below the pump centerline. Suction and discharge pipes inside diameters are mm and 80 mm respectively. Find the total head of the pump in meters of the fluid handled.
Minor losses are most easily obtained in terms of equivalent length of pipe "Le". The advantage of this approach is that both pipe and fittings are expressed in terms of "Equivalent Length" of pipe of the same relative roughness. The friction loss in a pipeline is also dependent upon this dimensionless factor. Other than pipes, absolute roughness is also used for representing the irregularities of other equipment walls, for example, walls of heat exchanger shell. The absolute roughness has dimensions of length and is usually expressed in millimeter mm.
Relative Roughness' or 'Roughness factor of a pipe wall can be defined as the ratio of absolute roughness to the pipe nominal diameter. Relative roughness factor is often used for pressure drop calculations for pipes and other equipment. The relative roughness factor is an important parameter for determining friction factor based on Reynold's number for flow in a pipe. Following table gives typical roughness values in millimeters for commonly used piping materials.
Regardless of wall thickness, pipes of the same nominal diameter have the same outside diameter. This permits interchange of fittings.
Pipe may be manufactured with different and various wall thickness, so some standardization is necessary. By convention, pipe size and fittings are characterized in terms of Nominal Diameter and wall thickness. For steel pipes, nominal diameter is approximately the same as the inside diameter for 12" and smaller. For sizes of 14" and larger, the nominal diameter is exactly the outside diameter.
Join two pieces of pipe ex. Change pipeline directions ex. Change pipeline diameters ex. Terminate a pipeline ex. Join two streams to form a third ex. Control the flow ex. Valves are used either to control the flow rate or to shut off the flow of fluid.
Choice of material and sizes 2. Effects of temperature level and temperature changes. Flexibility of the system for physical and thermal shocks. Adequate support and anchorage 5. Alteration in the system and the service. Maintenance and inspection. Ease of installation 8. Auxiliary and standby pumps and lines 9. Safety a. Design factors b. Pipe size is specified with two non-dimensional numbers: a nominal pipe size NPS for diameter based on inches, and a schedule Sched.
NB nominal bore is also frequently used interchangeably with NPS. OD is the outside diameter of the pipe and is fixed for a given size.
That IPS system was established to designate the pipe size. The size represented the approximate inside diameter of the pipe in inches. An IPS 6" pipe is one whose inside diameter is approximately 6 inches. Users started to call the pipe as 2inch, 4inch, 6inch pipe and so on. To begin, each pipe size was produced to have one thickness, which later was termed as standard STD or standard weight STD.
The outside diameter of the pipe was standardized. As the industrial requirements handling higher pressure fluids, pipes were manufactured with thicker walls, which has become known as an extra strong XS or extra heavy XH.
The higher pressure requirements increased further, with thicker wall pipes. Accordingly, pipes were made with double extra strong XXS or double extra heavy XXH walls, while the standardized outside diameters are unchanged. In March , the American Standards Association surveyed industry and created a system that designated wall thicknesses based on smaller steps between sizes.
The designation known as nominal pipe size replaced iron pipe size, and the term schedule SCH was invented to specify the nominal wall thickness of pipe.
Nominal pipe size NPS is a dimensionless designator of pipe size. It indicates standard pipe size when followed by the specific size designation number without an inch symbol. For example, NPS 6 indicates a pipe whose outside diameter is The NPS is very loosely related to the inside diameter in inches, and NPS 12 and smaller pipe has outside diameter greater than the size designator.
For a given NPS, the outside diameter stays constant and the wall thickness increases with larger schedule number. The inside diameter will depend upon the pipe wall thickness specified by the schedule number.
Diameter nominal DN is used in the metric unit system. It indicates standard pipe size when followed by the specific size designation number without a millimeter symbol. Do you now what is "ein zweihunderter Rohr"?.
In this case, the Dutch talking about a "8 duimer". I'm really curious how people in other countries indicates a pipe. AND I. The inside diameter is determined by the wall thickness WT. Determine the pressure drop, the head loss over a 60 m long section of the pipe. Determine the pipe material with minimal head losses if pipe material available are Stainless Steel, Cast Iron and Galvanized Iron.
It serves as a convenient index of the actual pump type. Net Positive Suction Head: The amount of pressure in excess of the vapor pressure of the liquid to prevent cavitation.
Cavitation: The formation of cavities of water vapor in the suction side of the pump due to low suction pressure. Displacement Volume a. For Double acting without considering piston rod c. Force produced and acting on the piston rod where: Ps - supply steam pressure, KPa Pe - exhaust steam pressure, KPa Ds - diameter of steam cylinder, m Ps - Pe - mean effective pressure 7.
The water is to be delivered into a tank KPag. The water level in the tank is 20 m above the pump centerline and the pump is 4 m above the water level in the sump.
The suction pipe is mm in diameter, 7. Pipe material is Cast iron. The discharge pressure is read by a gauge at a point 1. If the discharge pressure gauge reads The barometric pressure is m Hg and the value of the cavitation parameter for the pump is 0.
What must be the elevation of the water surface in the hot-well relative to that of the pump intake? The total pumping head is 73 m. What effect will a speed reduction to RPM have on the head, capacity and power input of the pump? What will be the change in H, Q and BP if the impeller diameter is reduced from mm to mm while the speed is held constant at RPM.
Neglect effects of fluid viscosity. Assume shard edge for pipe entrance and pipe exit. Pump elevation is at 4 m. Galvanized Iron new 3. The level of gasoline in the tank is 2. The suction line friction and turbulence head losses amounts to 0. The vapor pressure of the gasoline is 48 KPa absolute and the relative density is 0.
At its optimum point of operation a given centrifugal pump with an impeller diameter of 50 cm delivers 3. Compute the specific speed of both pumps.
Draw-down when pumping at rated capacity is 3 m. The pump delivers the water into a 95 Liters capacity overhead storage tank. Total discharge head developed including friction in piping is 74 m. At the start, the gauge reads KPa until it reads KPa and then the pump was shut off. A drop in assembly for the ION. Allows air venting at the QEV instead of routing it back through the solenoid. This allows quicker cycles while being able to lower your dwell. Includes precision ground pin for the ideal bearing to pin fit.
Remove one magnet for less force, both for no force. Nylon tipped trigger stop set screw to stop frame wear.
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